超声灭活饮用水中隐孢子虫研究

为研究超声对饮用水中隐孢子虫(Cryptosporidium parvum)的灭活情况,考察了超声频率、功率、pH值和温度对灭活率的影响,通过形态学观察初步探讨了超声灭活隐孢子虫的机制,并进行了灭活动力学分析.结果表明,低频有利于隐孢子虫灭活,19.8kHz, pH7.2,温度(20±1)℃条件下超声15min灭活率可达92.5%,频率升高灭活率反而下降.在本实验条件下,超声功率103W对隐孢子虫的灭活效果与151W的相近,pH值对超声灭活隐孢子虫的影响不大,36℃超声灭活15min灭活率为95.6%,而在9℃下超声15min灭活率为88.3%,水温升高有利于灭活.灭活前后的形态学变化表明超声空化作用导致细胞膜破坏,细胞质流出从而起到灭活孢囊的效果.超声灭活隐孢子虫遵循假一级反应动力学,灭活隐孢子虫以低频率高功率的效果最好,可认为隐孢子虫的灭活以超声空化的强度为主.     

水质对污水再生絮凝工艺中病原性原虫去除的影响

采用荧光微球模拟隐孢子虫和贾第鞭毛虫(简称两虫),考察了有机物和颗粒物的浓度、组成等水质特性对污水再生处理絮凝工艺中两虫去除特性的影响.结果表明,腐殖酸浓度增加可提高水样中胶体浓度,从而提高对两虫的去除率;而酪氨酸虽然能改变胶体表面性质,但不参与絮凝过程,故对两虫的去除率无明显影响.水样初始浊度对两虫去除率影响较小;但水样中颗粒物的粒径分布,特别是1nm～100μm粒子的比例与对两虫去除效果间存在较好的相关关系.     

Global Genetic Relationships Among Isolates of Golden Alga (Prymnesium parvum)1

Lutz-Carrillo, Dijar J., Gregory M. Southard, and Loraine T. Fries, 2010. Global Genetic Relationships Among Isolates of Golden Alga (Prymnesium parvum). Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 46(1):24-32. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2009.00388.x Abstract: Prymnesium parvum is considered among the most harmful algal species in the world for finfish and other gill breathing organisms. Although it is globally distributed, with the exception of Antarctica, P. parvum is usually associated with coastal and brackish waters. Historically, P. parvum incidents were recorded in the eastern hemisphere; however, in 1985 it was detected in inland Texas waters. We used DNA sequence variation of the first internal transcribed spacer in the nuclear ribosomal operon (ITS1) among multiple samples of P. parvum from Texas and other locales to address the possible origins of P. parvum in Texas and the United States (U.S.). With the exception of a sample from Diversion Lake, other samples from Texas, South Carolina, and Wyoming exhibited limited genetic variation and were similar in sequence to a sample from Scotland. The Diversion Lake sample was similar in sequence to samples from Denmark and Norway, and the Maine sample was highly similar to samples from England. These results suggest multiple independent introductions of P. parvum to the U.S.     

Refining Nitrogen and Phosphorus Fertilization Strategies for Controlling the Toxigenic Alga Prymnesium parvum1

Kurten, Gerald L., Aaron Barkoh, Drew C. Begley, and Loraine T. Fries, 2010. Refining Nitrogen and Phosphorus Fertilization Strategies for Controlling the Toxigenic Alga Prymnesium parvum. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 46(1):170-186. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2009.00401.x Abstract: Previous studies have shown that three times weekly applications of phosphorus (30 μg P/l) and nitrogen (300 μg N/l) were effective at reducing the density and toxicity of the alga Prymnesium parvum in limnocorrals simulating a 40-day moronid (e.g., striped bass, Morone saxatilis, and palmetto bass, M. saxatilis ×Morone chrysops) fingerling culture period. However, this fertilization regime produced high pH and unionized ammonia-N concentrations that are detrimental to the survival of moronid fry and fingerlings. In two follow-up experiments we changed the source of N from ammonia to nitrate, reduced fertilization rates, and examined the effect of N-only or P-only fertilization. In the first experiment P fertilization rates were reduced by one-half to 15 μg P/l and NO₃-N was substituted for NH₃-N at the previously used rate of 300 μg N/l. In the second experiment, N fertilization rates were reduced to 150 μg N/l and the frequency of fertilization was determined by pH and P. parvum responses. Nitrate appeared to be as effective as ammonia as a source of N and when used in combination with P reduced P. parvum cell density and ichthyotoxicity. However, reduced N and P application rates and lower pond water temperatures during the study appeared to have decreased the speed at which fertilization produced these effects. While lower fertilization rates reduced algal productivity, high pH remained a concern for fish culture although pH was reduced to levels that might be acceptable with careful management of fish culture activities. Neither N-only nor P-only fertilization had a measurable effect on algal productivity or eliminated P. parvum and its toxicity. Furthermore, P-only fertilization may have increased P. parvum density and toxicity. For controlling P. parvum density and ichthyotoxicity we recommend a fertilization rate of 212 μg NO₃-N/l plus 30 μg PO₄-P/l applied three times weekly for aquaculture ponds where high pH is not a concern. Where high pH is a concern we recommend a fertilization rate of 117 μg NO₃-N/l plus 16 μg PO₄-P/l applied three times weekly with careful attention to afternoon pond pH.     

Comparison of Three Algaecides for Controlling the Density of Prymnesium parvum1

Rodgers, John H., Jr., Brenda M. Johnson, and West M. Bishop, 2010. Comparison of Three Algaecides for Controlling the Density of Prymnesium parvum. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 46(1):153-160. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2009.00399.x Abstract: Prymnesium parvum has become more prevalent in water resources of the southern United States. As the potential impacts of P. parvum are relatively well known, especially its capability to severely affect fish, managers have sought efficacious, environmentally sound, and socially acceptable strategies for mitigating this noxious species. Laboratory testing was used to identify an effective algaecide for control of P. parvum from Texas, Arizona, Florida, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Cutrine^®-Plus at 0.2 mg Cu/l significantly decreased the density of P. parvum in samples from all of these locations. Both copper sulfate and Phycomycin^® were less effective for controlling the population growth of P. parvum. The predicted response from the laboratory study was confirmed in the field at the Arizona site. Strategic use of Cutrine^®-Plus in larger water resources could provide toxin-free refugia to allow some fish to survive and repopulate the water resource when the golden alga infestation abates.     

常规水处理厂中小隐孢子虫卵囊的去除效果

介绍了小隐孢子虫卵囊的特点及其对人体的危害,分析了pH、混凝剂种类与投加量、电导率和天然有机物含量等对小隐孢子虫卵囊的Zeta电位的影响,总结了混凝-沉淀-过滤和直接过滤对小隐孢子虫卵囊的去除效果,探讨了水温、水质、混凝剂种类与投加量、滤料层组成和滤速等对去除效果的影响.     

氯气灭活饮用水中隐孢子虫的影响因素

应用荧光活体染色法研究Cl2在水体中杀灭隐孢子虫的效果,并探讨投加量、作用时间、浑浊度、pH值、温度、有机物含量等对Cl2灭活隐孢子虫效果的影响规律,找出最佳投加量和作用时间.结果显示,隐孢子虫浓度1×106个/mL,温度22℃,pH7.0,浊度为1.0NTU,氯气投加量大于6.3mg/L,反应时间360min,隐孢子虫的灭活率可以达到预期灭活效果(灭活率﹥99.0%).隐孢子虫的灭活率与氯气投加量和作用时间成正相关;灭活率随着浑浊度增加逐渐下降,浑浊度0.1~20.0NTU范围内,氯气投加量为6.3mg/L,作用时间大于900min,即可保证隐孢子虫的灭活率符合预定要求;在弱酸性条件下氯气灭活隐孢子虫能力强于碱性条件,反应温度(5.0~35.0℃)范围内,隐孢子虫的灭活率与温度成正相关;HA浓度0~10.0mg/L,作用时间为360min时,灭活率随有机物浓度增加而降低.当作用时间为900min时,水中隐孢子虫的灭活率均大于99.0%.     

水中隐孢子虫的检测技术

本文着重评述了水中隐孢子虫卵囊的检测技术，具体介绍了EPA1622法和1623法、流式细胞计、荧光原位杂交、SPR生物传感器以及PCR等方法，并对其操作技术、检测周期、回收率、检测限、可靠性、敏感性、稳定性以及能否种类鉴别等方面进行了比较。笔者认为我国应致力于开展快速检测卵囊活性与传染性的研究；随着IMS、细胞分类法等纯化手段不断完善，PCR技术对研究水中隐孢子虫的检测将会有更广阔的发展空间。     

污水再生处理系统中隐孢子虫和贾第鞭毛虫检测方法的优化

隐孢子虫和贾第鞭毛虫是2种严重危害水质安全的病原性原生动物.与USEPA1623方法相比,以膜过滤-洗脱法作为浓缩方式的检测流程回收率较高且成本较低.本研究通过对膜过滤-洗脱环节和免疫磁性分离(IMS)过程进行改进和参数优化,建立了适用于污水再生处理系统的两虫检测方法.研究发现,对滤膜进行刮擦处理后隔夜浸泡,以及洗脱前剧烈振荡等操作能够显著提高并稳定回收率.投加高岭土浊液提高水样的浊度至4NTU更加有效地提高了低浊水样的浓缩回收率.离心浓缩后洗涤沉淀并进行2次酸解离是降低IMS过程水质干扰的有效措施.采用该优化方法对不同来源水样进行检测,隐孢子虫回收率超过70%,贾第鞭毛虫回收率超过80%,明显高于1623方法的接受标准(>24%).